Stem Cells And Its Effects On Human Cells - 2106 Words

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells within the body that are defined by their ability to self renew and differentiate into specialized cells (1). Stem cells function in body tissues as a repair mechanism, with an unlimited ability to divide and restock cells as needed by the body. Each time a stem cell divides, the new cell formed can either remain a stem cell or differentiate into a specialized cell, such as a brain cell. Traditionally, there are two main types of stem cells: human embryonic stem cells [HESCs] and adult somatic stem cells. In 1981,embryonic stem cells were the first type of stem cell to be discovered (2). Embryonic stem cells originate from four-to-five day old embryos formed during the blastocyst phase of embryological development. The embryos used to derive stem cells are usually extras that were created using in vitro fertilization and not implanted (2). Induced pluripotent stem cells [iPS cells] are specialized adult somatic cells that have been genetically modified to function similarly to embryonic stem cells; that is, iPS cells have the ability to differentiate into all adult cell types (2). The discovery of iPS cells in 2006 was very exciting for the medical community as researchers hoped to use iPS cells in many ways, including: to gain an increased understanding of disease pathology, as aids in transplant medicine, and in pharmaceutical and cytotoxicity studies. Subsequent research on iPS cells has revealed some areas of concern including:Show MoreRelatedStem Cells And Its Effect On Human Cells1369 Words   |  6 PagesStem cells are cells that have the ability to generate other cells. If research continues going the way it is now stem cells could potentially reduce the need for insulin in diabetics and treat various conditions and diseases. The discovery of stem cells, how they differentiate and their potential use in medic ine are very important stories. Stem Cells can be obtained two different ways, one from embryos, which are called embryonic stem cells, and one from adults, called adult stem cells. Stem cellRead MoreStem Cells And Its Effect On The Human Body1407 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Stem cells are unspecialized cells of a multicellular organism and it has capability changing into any type cell. When stem cells divides, the new cell has the potential of choosing whether to stay a stem cell or turn into any type of specialized such as: skin cells, neurons, muscle cells and many more. Stem cells have no specific function but are special in their own way. In the early stage of the development, stem cells have the extraordinary potential to develop into any type of cell in theRead MoreStem Cells And Its Effects On Human Life2914 Words   |  12 Pagesyears, stem cell research has become more of the primary focus in the world of medicine. Scientists see the next ten years as being monumental in the growth of biology, as stem cells continue to amaze them with their potential to save and improve the quality of human life. These cells have the possibility to save millions of people with diseases thought to be incurable. However, there is controversy about the use of cer tain types of stem cells. Some stem cells are obtained from the cells of an earlyRead MoreThe Effects Of Stem Cell On The Human Body2802 Words   |  12 Pagesas incurable but embryotic stem cells may hold the cure. With that said, many researchers in the medical field have become quite involved in the study of stem cells. A stem cell is an immature cell that has the potential to become specialized into different types of cells throughout the body. There are two different types of stem cells: adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells. These cells are important because they have the ability to repair damaged tissue in the human body. Although they are bothRead MoreStem Cells And Its Effects On The Human Body998 Words   |  4 PagesStem cells are undifferentiated cells that have potential to be developed into many different specialized cell types, such as skin cells, bone cells, muscle cells, and many more. Stem cells used in research today derive from mainly two sources, embryos f rom the blastocyst phase of embryological development, known as embryonic stem cells, and adult tissue, known as adult stem cells (â€Å"Stem Cell Basics†). Embryonic stem cells come from human embryos that are roughly five-days-old, when it is in theRead MoreEmbryonic Stem Cells Or No?1006 Words   |  5 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cells or No? Did you know that since 1981, researchers have been removing embryonic stem cells from thousands of embryos to create cells that could potentially save people from diseases? How many patients do you think this has helped since then? Hundreds? Thousands? Wrong. In fact, not one â€Å"cure† has been found to help people with Parkinson’s, cancer, heart disease and so many more rare diseases that it is said to be able to help. Embryonic stem cell research has been an issue inRead MoreThe Controversial Topic Of Stem Cell Research Essay1414 Words   |  6 PagesStem Cell Research is still the most controversial topic in science today. The idea behind the experiment involves the development, use, and destruction of human embryos. The research method mainly focuses on embryonic stem cells, which involves taking tissue from an aborted embryo to get a better look at the cell and obtain information for the fundamental properties of the cells. Embryonic stem cells play a major role in the research because the cell provides information for cell development toRead MoreThe Medical Promise Of Embryonic Stem Cells1626 Words   |  7 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cells Why should people suffer from diabetes, Alzheimer’s, sickle cell anemia, leukemia, and plenty of other degenerative diseases while the cure lies in our hands? After James Thompson, a developmental biologist, reported that he had derived the first human embryonic stem cell line (Thomson), the potential of curing degenerative diseases was revealed. Ph.D. holder and deputy director of FDA’s office of Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies, Stephanie Simek, explains that stem cells are unspecializedRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell1680 Words   |  7 Pageslife, cells make up every organ and body part of a living organism. Among various types of cells of human bodies, a stem cell can turn into any type of specialized cell of human body. A stem cell is a cell that has the ability to develop into any conceivable different kind of specialized cell type. The existence of a stem cell was first discovered by Drs. James Till and Ernset McCulloch from Canada. A stem cell can be distinguished into two types: adult stem cell and embryonic stem cell. An embryonicRead MoreHematopoietic Stem Cells to Cure Leukemia980 Words   |  4 Pages Hematopoietic Stem Cells to Cure Leukemia Genetic Engineering consists in altering the DNA of a cell with the purpose of researching, as well as correcting genetic defects. (learn.genetics.edu) One of the human bodys cells has the ability to grow into any one of the bodys more than 200 cell types and this is called Stem Cells. They are not specialized and unlike mature cells, they can renew themselves and create new cells. Stem cells have a great potential, but extremely limited is the

Essay on I Am Not a Crook The Watergate Scandal - 1561 Words

The 37th President, Richard Milhous Nixon, marred the reputation of not only himself, but of every president after him. The Watergate Scandal was a major upheaval in the trust of a president. When it came to electing officials, President Nixon wasnt the best; he often elected corrupt officials. The Cambodian Campaign, which was ordered by Nixon, prolonged Americas involvement in the Vietnam War, which was driven by heavy anti-communist views, not with the best interest of America in mind.. Using evidence from his life, education, political career, and the mistakes of his presidency, we will determine whether or not his presidency was positive or negative. On January 9, 1913, on a little lemon ranch in Yorba Linda, California, Francis†¦show more content†¦The court ordered that a house be sold to cover a debt, which Nixon did, but he did not seek out if there were any other charges on a house. This brought a lawsuit towards the firm from the original firms client. Due to Nixo ns inexperience the firm payed the price(Black 39). Was it inexperience? Or was it purposeful negligence? Despite the failure on Nixons part though, this case and later cases would make him a nationally known lawyer. As a lawyer, Nixon was known for his inability to take on divorce cases. Hearing about the sexual misconduct of women made the future president very embarrassed and uncomfortable. Although in 1938 Richard found the woman he would eventually marry; the woman was Patricia Ryan born Thelma Catherine Ryan. After many unsuccessful proposal attempts, Patricia Ryan accepted and they were officially married on June 29th, 1940(Black 45). But interestingly enough, â€Å"They often went to Los Angeles for dinner and night clubs and led a double life between the L.A. Nights and workday Whittier...†(Black 45). Through the rest of his career he would have his wife and continue his climb to political power. Nixons political path would lead in him to a multitude of pathways. He watched and took notes closely of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Roosevelts political policies. Nixon began working in a government office called the Office of Price Administration. Nixons first assignment was hectic, he worked onShow MoreRelatedThe Watergate Scandal Essay example1189 Words   |  5 Pages amp;#65279;Watergate, the popular name for the political scandal and constitutional crisis which broke out in 1972 during the presidential reign of Richard Nixon, remains a mysterious happening even today. Some details, people, events, degrees of involvement, and reasons are still unresolved. But what began as a third-rate burglary on June 17, 1972 escalated into a full- blown scandal that had a resounding effect on how many Americans viewed the government of their country. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;RichardRead More Nixon: A Presidential Unraveling1547 Words   |  7 PagesCorruption in politics has never been more notably observable by the American people than that of the Watergate Crisis. Though Nixon’s involvement of the actual break-in has never been proven, his cover-up of the event and his misuse of Presidential power were clearly established. Over the course of several years, America would bear witness to scandalous events, the first resignation of a President, conviction and imprisonment of twenty-five officials within the Nixon administration, and undoubtedlyRead MoreRichard Nixon And The Watergate Scandal2499 Words   |  10 PagesRichard Nixon’s involvement in the Watergate scandal left no doubt to his involvement of being impeached. During the Nixon Administration, he was able to prevent colleges from being gender biased and allowing both male and female to have equal opportunity and receiving financial aid as well as competin g in sports. He was able to establish the Environmental Protection Agency. He also worked to create a relationship between the U.S and the Middle East. Unfortunately, even with all of the accomplishmentsRead MoreThe Lasting Implications Of The Watergate Scandal2275 Words   |  10 PagesWatergate Scandal Grace Jacobson Block 2 November 22, 2016 The Lasting Implications of the Watergate Scandal I. Introduction â€Å"I am not a crook† is one of the most famous quotes from President Richard M. Nixon.   Citizens of the United States of America would hope that their president would never have to defend himself as a crook, but that is just what happened in the presidency of Richard M. Nixon. President Nixon had to defend himself for not being a crook because of the events famously knownRead MoreRichard Nixon vs Ronald Reagan Essay examples726 Words   |  3 PagesA Crook versus the Hot Actor When you think of influential presidents you think Abraham Lincoln or Bill Clinton? When someone mentions influential presidents to me, I think of Ronald Reagan and Richard Nixon. They were both elected for two terms, but each of them was seen either in a positive light or a negative light. On television, Nixon said, â€Å"I am not a crook,† but that is what he is known for even today. Although, Reagan was the oldest president elected into office, in my opinion;Read MoreThe Political Disaster of Watergate Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesThe political disaster of Watergate in the early 1970s marked the first time a president resigned. Essentially, it began when a former Marine, Daniel Ellsberg, who no longer supported war in Vietnam, leaked an analysis of American involvement there to The New York Times, starting in 1971. President Richard Nixon, a very private man, demanded that these Pentagon Papers be kept secret in order to prevent the public from finding out exact ly what was going on. The scandal that followed ruined Nixon andRead MoreWatergate Complex After The Watergate1781 Words   |  8 Pagesin the Watergate complex after signs of breaking in were found on the doors. No one at that time knew this subtle crime would lead to the greatest scandal in the US history and the resignation of the current President, Richard Nixon. Evidences later showed that the Watergate Incident was only a mere part of the ugly crimes the Nixon Administration had committed to achieve their ultimate goal of reelection, and Nixon had intentionally attempted a cover up to save his reputation. The Watergate incidentRead More The Watergate Scandal Essay2188 Words   |  9 Pagesmonths that followed the Watergate burglary. On June 17, 1972 five men, one White House employee and four Cubans, broke into the Watergate Office Building in Washington, DC in an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committee (DNC) office. The break in and the events that took place aft erwards led to the resignation of Richard Milhous Nixon on August 8, 1974. The morning of June 18, Nixon was at his home in Key Biscayne, FL. when he read a headline about the Watergate break in. The idea wasRead MoreScandal : The Watergate Scandal2408 Words   |  10 PagesKristine Holdorf March 16, 2015 English 122 Scandal Paper Final Draft The Watergate Scandal High-level political and governmental figures are often involved in influencing public policy as well as taking part in decision making. We look up to them and trust them to make our country a better place and protect us. Presidents, for instance, are very powerful leaders who enforce our nation’s laws and work very hard to keep our country safe. Presidents are often described as being courageous, dedicatedRead MoreWatergate Scandal2036 Words   |  9 PagesThe Watergate Scandal Essay written by Unknown The Watergate Scandal was a series of crimes committed by the President and his staff, who were found to spied on and harassed political opponents, accepted illegal campaign contributions, and covered up their own misdeeds. On June 17, 1972, The Washington Post published a small story. In this story the reporters stated that five men had been arrested breaking into the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee. The headquarters was located in

Tourism An Attractive Industry For Economic Development Free Essays

string(94) " scene and the multicultural population in UK makes it a very attractive tourist destination\." ABSTRACT Tourism is widely recognized as an important catalyst for economic growth. According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the tourism industry is amongst the biggest industries that make substantial contribution to the economy in terms of its contribution to the GDP, the revenue generated, increased employment and other benefits. The success of the tourism industry begs the question what are the characteristics that make it an attractive industry for economic growth. We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism: An Attractive Industry For Economic Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to respond to this question, this analysis will explore on the various tourist attraction sites including natural and cultural attractions, heritage sites, national and wildlife parks, theme parks, gardens and museums, beaches and coastal regions, and entertainment and events. This will include examining how these attractions contribute to economic development. UK will be used as the case study. INTRODUCTION Tourism is widely recognized as an important catalyst for economic growth. According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the tourism industry is amongst the biggest industries that make substantial contributions to the economy in terms of its contribution to the GDP, the revenue generated, increased employment and other benefits (Business tourism 2003). Take for example the UK, the 6th largest destination in the world attracting over 32 million overseas visitors yearly (Williams et al., 2010). UK’s tourism industry is the 5th largest industry and contributes to a large proportion of the GDP. In 2007, the industry was valued at ?114 billion representing 8.2% of GDP and employing over 2.65 million people (Williams et al., 2010). In 2009, the industry was valued at ?115.4 billion of the UK economy, hence representing 8.9% of UK GDP (Williams et al., 2010). The tourism industry is further anticipated to grow yearly at 2.6%, a growth rate similar to that of retail and construction industries (Williams et al., 2010). Indeed, tourism increasingly continues to become an attractive industry for economic growth with an increasing number of visitors. This begs the question what are the characteristics that make tourism an attractive industry for economic developmentThis analysis is thus intended on exploring on these characteristics with a focus on the factors that lead to economic development. Before giving an overview of the fundamental aspects of the economics of tourism, we will first define what we understand by the term â€Å"tourism† WHAT IS TOURISM? The term â€Å"tourism† was first defined by Hunziker and Krapf (1942), the main pioneers of tourism research. They defined tourism as a sum of relations and phenomena that resulted from travelling and staying of non-residents. In this context, a stay does not result into permanent residence of the individual and is not in any way connected to permanent or temporary earning activity. This conceptual definition was for a considerable time generally accepted but had certain flaws. For example, a visit to the hospital could be considered as a form of tourism. Furthermore, under this conceptual definition, non-residents were only identified with foreigners; hence domestic tourism had no place in it. In the later years, a more succinct definition of tourism was put forth by the British Tourism Society. Based on the work of Burkart Medlik (1974), the British Tourism Society adopted the following definition. Tourism is deemed to be inclusive of any activity concerned with short-term movement of people to destinations other than their neither main continuous domiciles nor place of work (Burkart Medlik 1974). Within this conceptual definition, activities involving a stay or a visit to the destination are included. It also allows for domestic and day visits as well. This definition still applies up to date. Another conceptual definition that deserves special attention is that put forth by Gilbert (1990). Gilbert (1990) posits that tourism is a part of recreation that involves travelling to other destinations for a short term-period with the aim of satisfying a consumer need. This definition places tourism in the overall context of recreation. Recreation according to Cooper et al. (1993) refers to the pursuits engaged in during leisure time. However, it should be noted that tourism is not only confined to activities carried out during leisure time. Part of the tourism (business tourism in particular) takes place during working time including conventions and business meetings. TOURIST SECTORS Tourism comprise of five main sectors: a) THE ATTRACTION SECTOR: – this sector comprise of the natural and cultural attractions, heritage sites, national and wildlife parks, theme parks, gardens and museums, beaches and coastal regions, and entertainment and events (Anon 2004). b) THE ACCOMMODATION SECTOR: – this sector comprise of the hotels, motels, apartments, villas and flats, guest houses, holiday villages, campsites, marinas, touring caravans and condominium timeshares (Anon 2004). c) THE TRANSPORT SECTOR: – Consists of the airlines, railways, shipping lines, car rental operators, and bus and coach operators (Anon 2004). d) THE TRAVEL ORGANIZER SECTOR: – the sector covers tour operators, travel agents and incentive travel organizers among others (Anon 2004). e) THE DESTINATION ORGANIZATION SECTOR: – this includes regional and national tourist offices, local tourist officers and tourism associations (Anon 2004). In order to answer the question: what are the characteristics that make tourism an attractive industry for economic development, we will explore on the attraction sites discussed above. This will also include exploring on business tourism and its contribution to economic development. CULTURAL AND HERITAGE ATTRACTIONS Cultural and heritage attractions play a significant role in the tourism industry. Most of the world heritage sites have a cultural significance that transcend national boundaries and of importance to the present and future generations. Currently, there are 890 world heritage sites reflecting a rich diversity of the world’s cultural heritage (Endresen 1999). In the United Kingdom, sites as diverse such as the Giant’s Causeway, City of Edinburgh, Blaenavon Industrial landscape, and Manchester City help make up the UK’s heritage (UNESCO 2009). In this context, Manchester city, one of the most vibrant cosmopolitan cities has a thriving art and cultural scene that attracts a large number of visitors. The city’s attraction centres include the sports stadiums, museums and galleries, and music venues (UNESCO 2009). The rich cultural heritage, vibrant arts scene and the multicultural population in UK makes it a very attractive tourist destination. You read "Tourism: An Attractive Industry For Economic Development" in category "Essay examples" Museums which showcase the best of Britain’s culture and history attract millions of international and domestic visitors. Britain’s culture and heritage is estimated to attracting ?4.5 billion worth of spending by inbound visitors annually (UNESCO 2009). NATURAL LANDSCAPE SITES Another popular attractive site in the tourism industry is the natural landscape. Natural landscapes such as Stonehenge, the most famous and mysterious landmark in the UK, attracts a vast number of tourists (Mieczkowski, 1990). Built over 650 years ago and consisting of a ring of monolithic stones, the landmark is a very popular attractive site. Scenic landscapes such as the Wye Valley, an internationally protected landscape straddling the border between Wales and England also attracts a large number of visitors (Mieczkowski, 1990). This area that covers parts of Hertfordshire, Gloucestershire and Monmouthshire is widely recognized for its gorgeous scenery and dense native woodlands as well as for its wildlife and archaeological remains (Mieczkowski, 1990). NATIONAL AND WILDLIFE PARKS National parks also play a huge role in the tourism industry. Britain’s finest national and wildlife parks, zoos and animal attractions such as the Animalarium attract a large number of visitors (Mathieson Wall 1982). The national parks offer a variety of activities ranging from walking, exploring on the rich and cultural heritage to pursuing other activities such as cycling, rock climbing, and absailing among others (Mathieson Wall 1982). An estimated 110 million people are estimated to visit national parks in England and Wales annually (UNESCO 2009). ENTERTAINMENT AND EVENTS Entertainment and events also play a major role in the tourism industry. Majority of the concerts and music festivals taking place in the UK attract more than 7.7 million visitors, domestic and overseas combined (ICTHR 2010). The significant amount of revenue generated from entertainment and events is used in boosting the UK’s economy. A great majority of these tourists are UK residents who travel outside of their regions to attend events and see their favourite artists perform live in another region within the UK (ICTHR 2010). London dominates as the destination for live music tourism in the UK. Music tourists at the capital outnumber the local music fans. Its dominance can be attributed to the high number of domestic music tourists attending concerts. With a population of more than 7 million people, the region is host to the O2 Arena, the most successful concert venue in the world (ICTHR 2010). London region is also a host to Wembley stadium and Royal Albert Hall as well (ICTHR 2010). Its parks, mainly Victoria Park, Hyde Park and Clapham are home to a growing number of music festivals (ICTHR 2010). BEACHES AND COASTAL AREAS Beaches and coastal areas are also a huge attraction site for tourists. Tourism in the south of Wales, for example, is primarily focused on the coastal areas in order to attract its visitors. The Welsh tourist industry which is worth ?3.5billion and makes a significant contribution to Wales’ GDP relies largely on its excellent coastal scenery in attracting tourists (Williams, et.al, 2010) BUSINESS TOURISM Another important, yet least acknowledged component of the tourism industry is business tourism. It is one of the most lucrative components of the tourism industry with various benefits that stimulate the growth of the economy. In the UK, business tourism is a wide sector encompassing †¢ Conferences and meetings – the British Conference Market Trends Survey 2001 estimates this to be worth around ?7.3 billion annually (Business report 2003). †¢ Exhibitions and trade fairs: – these are listed as the 5th largest marketing medium in the UK attracting 11% of the media expenditure and are estimated at ?2.04 billion annually (Business report 2003). †¢ Incentive travel: – the value of inbound incentive travel market is estimated to be around ?165 million annually (Business report 2003). †¢ Corporate events: – estimates for this segment are between ?700 million and ?1billion annually (Business report 2003). †¢ Outdoor events: – a rough estimate of the outdoor events is around ?1billion annually (Business report 2003). In the past few decades, business tourism has grown significantly exceeding the overall tourism growth rate. According to the International Passenger Survey 2001, business tourism accounted for 29.7% of all overseas visitors to the UK and 31.7% of the inbound earnings (Business report 2003). From what can be discerned, investment in business tourism can significantly stimulate the growth of the economy. It may lead to regeneration of urban and inner cities as evident with Birmingham, Glasgow, Cardiff, Belfast and Manchester (Business report 2003). Its resilience during the great recession makes it even more an attractive industry for investment. The business tourism proved resilient, being less affected by economic downturns and by disasters such as the Foot and Mouth Epidemic unlike leisure tourism (Business report 2003). With the above in mind, it is worthy examining some of the main elements that make attractions to be appealing to many. CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURIST ATTRACTIONS It is important to recognize that tourists’ attractions are not all equal. Some may have more potential to draw visitors than others. The main elements that set attractions apart include quality, uniqueness, authenticity, drawing power and activity options. QUALITY: – high quality is a key principle for tourism development. This means offering smooth customer oriented operations and procedures and ensuring that attractions have a pleasing appearance and that they are visitor friendly (Merchant 2005). This includes asking these questions †¢ Is the attraction visitor friendly? †¢ .How does it rate in terms of the appearance, hospitality, operations and resource protection? AUTHENTICITY: – authenticity refers to originality. For example, if it is a cultural heritage attraction, authenticity would imply letting the distinctive local flavour of the community to shine in ways that create a â€Å"sense of place†(Merchant 2005). We can consider: †¢ Whether the attraction reflects the natural and cultural heritage of the community? UNIQUENESS: – this is the â€Å"edge† that sets attraction apart from competition. It involves asking the fundamental question: †¢ Is the attraction unique? Take for example, The London Eye which is sitting on the South Bank of River Thames. Hanging like a gigantic wheel, this landmark is instantly recognizable. It is currently the biggest Ferris wheel in Europe standing 135 metres high and supported by a giant A-frame which juts the spindle (UNESCO 20090. This makes it unique from other Ferris wheels which use two A-frames and axle support method. DRAWING POWER: – this is a measurement on the power to attract a large number of visitors (Merchant 2005). ACTIVITY OPTIONS: – this is an important characteristic of attractions (Merchant 2005). It involves assessing whether the attraction site offer a varied and changing set of activities. CONCLUSION Indeed, tourism is an attractive industry for economic development. Major attraction sites including the scenic landscapes, cultural and heritage sites, national and wildlife parks, landmarks, theme parks, gardens and museums, beaches and coastal regions, and entertainment among others attract a large number of visitors. There is no doubt that the industry contributes to a large proportion of the GDP and is responsible for employing millions of people. This makes it an important industry for investment. (2,070 words) REFERENCES Anon, 2004. Economic characteristics of the tourism sector, http://v5.books.elsevier.com/bookscat/samples/9780750666374/9780750666374.PDF {Accessed 21st January 2012} Burkart, A.J. and S. Medlik, 1974. Tourism. Past, Present and Future. London: Heinemann. Cooper, C., J. Fletcher, D. Gilbert and S. Wanhill, 1993. Tourism. Principles Practice. London: Pitman Publishing. Business tourism partnership report, 2003. Business tourism briefing: an overview of the UK’s business tourism industry. London http://www.businesstourismpartnership.com/pubs/briefing.pdf {Accessed 20th January 2012} Endresen, K., 1999. Sustainable tourism and cultural heritage: A review of development assistance and its potential to promote sustainability http://www.nwhf.no/files/File/culture_fulltext.pdf {Accessed 20th January 2012} Gilbert, D.C., 1990. â€Å"Conceptual issues in the meaning of tourism†. In: C.P. Cooper (ed.), Progress in Tourism, Recreation and Hospitality Management, Vol. 2. London: Pitman Publishing. Hunziker, W. k. Krapf, 1942. Grundriss der Allgemeinen Fremdenverkehrslehre. Zurich: Polygraphischer Verlag International Centre for Tourism and Hospitality Research (ICTHR), 2010. The contribution of music festivals and major concerts to tourism in the UK. London: Bournemouth University. http://www.ukmusic.org/assets/media/UK%20Music%20-Music%20Tourism.pdf{Accessed 22nd January 2012} Mathieson, A. and G. Wall, 1982. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. London: Longman. Merchant, R., 2005. Tourism attraction characteristics. Community tourism handbook: Minnesota Extension. http://nercrd.psu.edu/entrepreneur_what_works_wksp/Handouts/MerchantCharacteristics23.pdf {Accessed 20th January 2012} Mieczkowski, Z., 1990. World Trends in Tourism and Recreation. New York. UNESCO, 2009. World heritage sites. http://www.unesco.org.uk/world_heritage_sites {Accessed 20th January 2012} Williams, et.al, 2010. An assessment of UK heritage coasts in South Wales: J A steers revisited. Journal of Coastal Research. http://www.griffith.edu.au/conference/ics2007/pdf/ICS087.pdf {Accessed 20th January 2012} How to cite Tourism: An Attractive Industry For Economic Development, Essay examples Tourism An Attractive Industry For Economic Development Free Essays string(55) " in UK makes it a very attractive tourist destination\." ABSTRACT Tourism is widely recognized as an important catalyst for economic growth. According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the tourism industry is amongst the biggest industries that make substantial contribution to the economy in terms of its contribution to the GDP, the revenue generated, increased employment and other benefits. The success of the tourism industry begs the question what are the characteristics that make it an attractive industry for economic growth. We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism: An Attractive Industry For Economic Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to respond to this question, this analysis will explore on the various tourist attraction sites including natural and cultural attractions, heritage sites, national and wildlife parks, theme parks, gardens and museums, beaches and coastal regions, and entertainment and events. This will include examining how these attractions contribute to economic development. UK will be used as the case study. INTRODUCTION Tourism is widely recognized as an important catalyst for economic growth. According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the tourism industry is amongst the biggest industries that make substantial contributions to the economy in terms of its contribution to the GDP, the revenue generated, increased employment and other benefits (Business tourism 2003). Take for example the UK, the 6th largest destination in the world attracting over 32 million overseas visitors yearly (Williams et al., 2010). UK’s tourism industry is the 5th largest industry and contributes to a large proportion of the GDP. In 2007, the industry was valued at ?114 billion representing 8.2% of GDP and employing over 2.65 million people (Williams et al., 2010). In 2009, the industry was valued at ?115.4 billion of the UK economy, hence representing 8.9% of UK GDP (Williams et al., 2010). The tourism industry is further anticipated to grow yearly at 2.6%, a growth rate similar to that of retail and construction industries (Williams et al., 2010). Indeed, tourism increasingly continues to become an attractive industry for economic growth with an increasing number of visitors. This begs the question what are the characteristics that make tourism an attractive industry for economic developmentThis analysis is thus intended on exploring on these characteristics with a focus on the factors that lead to economic development. Before giving an overview of the fundamental aspects of the economics of tourism, we will first define what we understand by the term â€Å"tourism† WHAT IS TOURISM? The term â€Å"tourism† was first defined by Hunziker and Krapf (1942), the main pioneers of tourism research. They defined tourism as a sum of relations and phenomena that resulted from travelling and staying of non-residents. In this context, a stay does not result into permanent residence of the individual and is not in any way connected to permanent or temporary earning activity. This conceptual definition was for a considerable time generally accepted but had certain flaws. For example, a visit to the hospital could be considered as a form of tourism. Furthermore, under this conceptual definition, non-residents were only identified with foreigners; hence domestic tourism had no place in it. In the later years, a more succinct definition of tourism was put forth by the British Tourism Society. Based on the work of Burkart Medlik (1974), the British Tourism Society adopted the following definition. Tourism is deemed to be inclusive of any activity concerned with short-term movement of people to destinations other than their neither main continuous domiciles nor place of work (Burkart Medlik 1974. Within this conceptual definition, activities involving a stay or a visit to the destination are included. It also allows for domestic and day visits as well. This definition still applies up to date. Another conceptual definition that deserves special attention is that put forth by Gilbert (1990). Gilbert (1990) posits that tourism is a part of recreation that involves travelling to other destinations for a short term-period with the aim of satisfying a consumer need. This definition places tourism in the overall context of recreation. Recreation according to Cooper et al. (1993) refers to the pursuits engaged in during leisure time. However, it should be noted that tourism is not only confined to activities carried out during leisure time. Part of the tourism (business tourism in particular) takes place during working time including conventions and business meetings. TOURIST SECTORS Tourism comprise of five main sectors: THE ATTRACTION SECTOR: – this sector comprise of the natural and cultural attractions, heritage sites, national and wildlife parks, theme parks, gardens and museums, beaches and coastal regions, and entertainment and events (Anon 2004). THE ACCOMMODATION SECTOR: – this sector comprise of the hotels, motels, apartments, villas and flats, guest houses, holiday villages, campsites, marinas, touring caravans and condominium timeshares (Anon 2004). THE TRANSPORT SECTOR: – Consists of the airlines, railways, shipping lines, car rental operators, and bus and coach operators (Anon 2004). THE TRAVEL ORGANIZER SECTOR: – the sector covers tour operators, travel agents and incentive travel organizers among others (Anon 2004). THE DESTINATION ORGANIZATION SECTOR: – this includes regional and national tourist offices, local tourist officers and tourism associations (Anon 2004). In order to answer the question: what are the characteristics that make tourism an attractive industry for economic development, we will explore on the attraction sites discussed above. This will also include exploring on business tourism and its contribution to economic development. CULTURAL AND HERITAGE ATTRACTIONS Cultural and heritage attractions play a significant role in the tourism industry. Most of the world heritage sites have a cultural significance that transcend national boundaries and of importance to the present and future generations. Currently, there are 890 world heritage sites reflecting a rich diversity of the world’s cultural heritage (Endresen 1999). In the United Kingdom, sites as diverse such as the Giant’s Causeway, City of Edinburgh, Blaenavon Industrial landscape, and Manchester City help make up the UK’s heritage (UNESCO 2009). In this context, Manchester city, one of the most vibrant cosmopolitan cities has a thriving art and cultural scene that attracts a large number of visitors. The city’s attraction centres include the sports stadiums, museums and galleries, and music venues (UNESCO 2009). The rich cultural heritage, vibrant arts scene and the multicultural population in UK makes it a very attractive tourist destination. You read "Tourism: An Attractive Industry For Economic Development" in category "Essay examples" Museums which showcase the best of Britain’s culture and history attract millions of international and domestic visitors. Britain’s culture and heritage is estimated to attracting ?4.5 billion worth of spending by inbound visitors annually (UNESCO 2009). NATURAL LANDSCAPE SITES Another popular attractive site in the tourism industry is the natural landscape. Natural landscapes such as Stonehenge, the most famous and mysterious landmark in the UK, attracts a vast number of tourists (Mieczkowski, 1990). Built over 650 years ago and consisting of a ring of monolithic stones, the landmark is a very popular attractive site. Scenic landscapes such as the Wye Valley, an internationally protected landscape straddling the border between Wales and England also attracts a large number of visitors (Mieczkowski, 1990). This area that covers parts of Hertfordshire, Gloucestershire and Monmouthshire is widely recognized for its gorgeous scenery and dense native woodlands as well as for its wildlife and archaeological remains (Mieczkowski, 1990). NATIONAL AND WILDLIFE PARKS National parks also play a huge role in the tourism industry. Britain’s finest national and wildlife parks, zoos and animal attractions such as the Animalarium attract a large number of visitors (Mathieson Wall 1982). The national parks offer a variety of activities ranging from walking, exploring on the rich and cultural heritage to pursuing other activities such as cycling, rock climbing, and absailing among others (Mathieson Wall 1982). An estimated 110 million people are estimated to visit national parks in England and Wales annually (UNESCO 2009). ENTERTAINMENT AND EVENTS Entertainment and events also play a major role in the tourism industry. Majority of the concerts and music festivals taking place in the UK attract more than 7.7 million visitors, domestic and overseas combined (ICTHR 2010). The significant amount of revenue generated from entertainment and events is used in boosting the UK’s economy. A great majority of these tourists are UK residents who travel outside of their regions to attend events and see their favourite artists perform live in another region within the UK (ICTHR 2010). London dominates as the destination for live music tourism in the UK. Music tourists at the capital outnumber the local music fans. Its dominance can be attributed to the high number of domestic music tourists attending concerts. With a population of more than 7 million people, the region is host to the O2 Arena, the most successful concert venue in the world (ICTHR 2010). London region is also a host to Wembley stadium and Royal Albert Hall as well (ICTHR 2010). Its parks, mainly Victoria Park, Hyde Park and Clapham are home to a growing number of music festivals (ICTHR 2010). BEACHES AND COASTAL AREAS Beaches and coastal areas are also a huge attraction site for tourists. Tourism in the south of Wales, for example, is primarily focused on the coastal areas in order to attract its visitors. The Welsh tourist industry which is worth ?3.5billion and makes a significant contribution to Wales’ GDP relies largely on its excellent coastal scenery in attracting tourists (Williams, et.al, 2010) BUSINESS TOURISM Another important, yet least acknowledged component of the tourism industry is business tourism. It is one of the most lucrative components of the tourism industry with various benefits that stimulate the growth of the economy. In the UK, business tourism is a wide sector encompassing Conferences and meetings – the British Conference Market Trends Survey 2001 estimates this to be worth around ?7.3 billion annually (Business report 2003). Exhibitions and trade fairs: – these are listed as the 5th largest marketing medium in the UK attracting 11% of the media expenditure and are estimated at ?2.04 billion annually (Business report 2003). Incentive travel: – the value of inbound incentive travel market is estimated to be around ?165 million annually (Business report 2003). Corporate events: – estimates for this segment are between ?700 million and ?1billion annually (Business report 2003). Outdoor events: – a rough estimate of the outdoor events is around ?1billion annually (Business report 2003). In the past few decades, business tourism has grown significantly exceeding the overall tourism growth rate. According to the International Passenger Survey 2001, business tourism accounted for 29.7% of all overseas visitors to the UK and 31.7% of the inbound earnings (Business report 2003). From what can be discerned, investment in business tourism can significantly stimulate the growth of the economy. It may lead to regeneration of urban and inner cities as evident with Birmingham, Glasgow, Cardiff, Belfast and Manchester (Business report 2003). Its resilience during the great recession makes it even more an attractive industry for investment. The business tourism proved resilient, being less affected by economic downturns and by disasters such as the Foot and Mouth Epidemic unlike leisure tourism (Business report 2003). With the above in mind, it is worthy examining some of the main elements that make attractions to be appealing to many. CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURIST ATTRACTIONS It is important to recognize that tourists’ attractions are not all equal. Some may have more potential to draw visitors than others. The main elements that set attractions apart include quality, uniqueness, authenticity, drawing power and activity options. QUALITY: – high quality is a key principle for tourism development. This means offering smooth customer oriented operations and procedures and ensuring that attractions have a pleasing appearance and that they are visitor friendly (Merchant 2005). This includes asking these questions Is the attraction visitor friendly .How does it rate in terms of the appearance, hospitality, operations and resource protection AUTHENTICITY: – authenticity refers to originality. For example, if it is a cultural heritage attraction, authenticity would imply letting the distinctive local flavour of the community to shine in ways that create a â€Å"sense of place†(Merchant 2005). We can consider: Whether the attraction reflects the natural and cultural heritage of the community UNIQUENESS: – this is the â€Å"edge† that sets attraction apart from competition. It involves asking the fundamental question: Is the attraction unique Take for example, The London Eye which is sitting on the South Bank of River Thames. Hanging like a gigantic wheel, this landmark is instantly recognizable. It is currently the biggest Ferris wheel in Europe standing 135 metres high and supported by a giant A-frame which juts the spindle (UNESCO 20090. This makes it unique from other Ferris wheels which use two A-frames and axle support method. DRAWING POWER: – this is a measurement on the power to attract a large number of visitors (Merchant 2005). ACTIVITY OPTIONS: – this is an important characteristic of attractions (Merchant 2005). It involves assessing whether the attraction site offer a varied and changing set of activities. CONCLUSION Indeed, tourism is an attractive industry for economic development. Major attraction sites including the scenic landscapes, cultural and heritage sites, national and wildlife parks, landmarks, theme parks, gardens and museums, beaches and coastal regions, and entertainment among others attract a large number of visitors. There is no doubt that the industry contributes to a large proportion of the GDP and is responsible for employing millions of people. This makes it an important industry for investment. (2,070 words) REFERENCES Anon, 2004. Economic characteristics of the tourism sector, http://v5.books.elsevier.com/bookscat/samples/9780750666374/9780750666374.PDF {Accessed 21st January 2012} Burkart, A.J. and S. Medlik, 1974. Tourism. Past, Present and Future. London: Heinemann. Cooper, C., J. Fletcher, D. Gilbert and S. Wanhill, 1993. Tourism. Principles Practice. London: Pitman Publishing. Business tourism partnership report, 2003. Business tourism briefing: an overview of the UK’s business tourism industry. London http://www.businesstourismpartnership.com/pubs/briefing.pdf {Accessed 20th January 2012} Endresen, K., 1999. Sustainable tourism and cultural heritage: A review of development assistance and its potential to promote sustainability http://www.nwhf.no/files/File/culture_fulltext.pdf {Accessed 20th January 2012} Gilbert, D.C., 1990. â€Å"Conceptual issues in the meaning of tourism†. In: C.P. Cooper (ed.), Progress in Tourism, Recreation and Hospitality Management, Vol. 2. London: Pitman Publishing. Hunziker, W. k. Krapf, 1942. Grundriss der Allgemeinen Fremdenverkehrslehre. Zurich: Polygraphischer Verlag International Centre for Tourism and Hospitality Research (ICTHR), 2010. The contribution of music festivals and major concerts to tourism in the UK. London: Bournemouth University. http://www.ukmusic.org/assets/media/UK%20Music%20-Music%20Tourism.pdf{Accessed 22nd January 2012} Mathieson, A. and G. Wall, 1982. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. London: Longman. Merchant, R., 2005. Tourism attraction characteristics. Community tourism handbook: Minnesota Extension. http://nercrd.psu.edu/entrepreneur_what_works_wksp/Handouts/MerchantCharacteristics23.pdf {Accessed 20th January 2012} Mieczkowski, Z., 1990. World Trends in Tourism and Recreation. New York. UNESCO, 2009. World heritage sites. http://www.unesco.org.uk/world_heritage_sites {Accessed 20th January 2012} Williams, et.al, 2010. An assessment of UK heritage coasts in South Wales: J A steers revisited. Journal of Coastal Research. http://www.griffith.edu.au/conference/ics2007/pdf/ICS087.pdf {Accessed 20th January 2012} How to cite Tourism: An Attractive Industry For Economic Development, Essay examples

Dr. Jekyll And Mr Hyde Essay Example For Students

Dr. Jekyll And Mr Hyde Essay Dr. Jekyll and Mr HydeChapter 1The story begins with a description of Mr. Utterson, a lawyer inLondon. Mr. Utterson is a reserved, conservative man who does notreveal his true, vibrant personality. He tolerates the strangenessand faults of other. Early in his life, he watched as his brotherfell to ruin, and it is noted that he is often the lastrespectable person that men who are turning to evil or ruin haveto talk to. This foreshadows Uttersons involvement with upcomingevil. Mr. Utterson is friends with Richard Enfield, although the two aretotally different from one another. They always took walks witheach other on Sundays no matter what else they might have to do. As they walk down a lane on Sunday that would usually be crowdedwith merchants and children during the week, Enfield points out anold building without many windows, and only a basement door. Enfield tells a story of how, one night at about 3:00 am, he saw astrange, deformed man round the corner and bump into a young girl. The strange man did not stop but simply walked right over theyoung girl, who cried out in terror. Enfield rushed over andattended the girl along with her family. Still, the strange mancarried on, so Enfield chased him down and urged him back. Adoctor was called and Enfield and the doctor felt an odd hatred ofthe man, warning the man that they would discredit him in everyway possible unless he compensated the girl. The strange managreed to offer 100 British pounds. Enfield notes that the man is like Satan in the way he seemsemotionally cold to the situation. The strange man presented acheque signed by an important person, which they together cashedthe next morning. Enfield states that he refers to the building asBlack Mail House. Utterson asks Enfield if he ever asked who livedin the building, but Enfield explains that he doesnt askquestions about strange things:the more it looks like Queer Street, the less I ask. The building appears lived in, and the two men carry on theirwalk. Enfield continues that the strange man he saw that nightlooked deformed, though he could explain how. Utterson assuresEnfield that his story has caught his interest. The two agreenever to talk about the story again. Chapter 2The same evening, Utterson came home. Instead of reading untilsleep at midnight, he poured over the will of his friend HenryJekyll, a doctor and very educated man. The will stated thatJekylls possessions and position should be handed over to Mr. Hyde, a friend that Utterson had never heard nor met. Uttersonwent to the house of Dr. Lanyon, an old school and college friendof Uttersons and Jekylls, and asked him about Hyde, but Lanyonhad never heard of him. Lanyon uses several evil references whentalking about Jekyll, such as devilish, and gone wrong,foreboding evil relations between Jekyll and Hyde. Utterson knowssomething is wrong between the two. Utterson cant sleep for therest of the night. Utterson considers how the strange man Enfield spoke of couldtrample a child and care nothing for it. Utterson staked out thedoor of the strange building looking for the strange man, whom healso believed was Mr. Hyde. One night, he found him. He confrontshim as he is about to go inside the strange door, and finds thestrange man is indeed Mr. Hyde. Hyde is unpleasant, cool, defiant,and confident. Utterson convinces Hyde to show his face, and Hydesuggests Utterson should know his address, implying that he knowsof Jekylls will. Utterson refers to Hyde to himself astroglodytic, meaning a primitive human being, detestable andunpleasant. Utterson decides to try and visit Jekyll at the latehour. At Jekylls home, he learns from the servants that Hyde never eastdinner at Jekylls house, but is always there in the laboratory,with his own key. The servants rarely see him, but they haveorders to obey him. Utterson leaves, and reflects upon his ownlife, what evil deeds he may be guilty of, and what bad things hisfriend Jekyll may have done in his life. He decides that this Hydemust be gravely evil, far worse than anything Jekyll may have everdone. Utterson decides to try and discover what evil things Hydehas done and may be doing, but fears that his friend Jekyll willobject. To finish, Utterson again considers the strange will ofJekyll, specifically that it he disappears for longer than threemonths, that his estate should be turned over to Hyde. Uttersonfears that Hyde might kill Jekyll for the will. Chapter 3Dr. Jekyll has a dinner party and Utterson attends. Utterson is awell liked and respected man, by Jekyll as well as anyone. Utterson stays behind after the party, and talks with Jekyll aboutthe will. Jekyll tries at first to politely and jovially avoid thetopic towards his scientific rivalry with Dr. Lanyon, but Uttersoninsists. Utterson explains that he thinks the will is a bad idea,and Jekyll wishes to stop talking about it. Jekyll states that heis in a unique situation that cant be fixed through talking, butUtterson promises that he can be trusted to help in confidence. How My Parents Raised Me Sample EssayChapter 7On a walk with Richard Enfield again, he and Utterson resolvenever to see Hyde again. Enfield tells that he now knows that thebuilding Hyde entered that night long ago was Jekylls house. Asthey strolled by Jekylls house, they saw him in a window. Utterson urges him to come for a walk, but Jekyll refuses. Theyagree to talk while Jekyll sits at the window. Suddenly, a look ofterror comes over Jekylls face, and the window blind is shut infront of him, hiding him from the sight of Utterson and Enfield. Frightened, the two men look at each other. God forgive us!cries out Utterson, and the two men walk on. Chapter 8Poole comes to Uttersons house in a panic, saying that Jekyll islocked up in his room again. Poole fears that Jekyll has beenmurdered and that the killer is still in his room, pacing back andforth and moaning and crying out. Utterson agrees to go toJekylls house with Poole. When they arrive, they find all thehouse servants crowded around the fireplace in fear of what goesup in Jekylls room. Poole tells Utterson that he wants him tohear what is going on in Jekylls room. They proceed, and Poolecalls out to his master, saying that Utterson is there to visit. Avoice answers that is certainly Jekyll, pleading for Utterson toleave him alone. Poole reports that the person in the room tosses out papers withorders for chemicals from every company in London, but with everydelivery, Jekyll/Hyde refuses them and sends them back claimingthey are not pure. They examine the notes, and find that thewriting is Jekylls, but with a strange slant like Hydes. Poole mentions that he saw the person in the room at one point,but it looked likeHyde, not JekyllPoole and Utterson decide to break down the door and find out whathas happened in Jekylls room, using an axe. They post two otherservants near the door to prevent Jekyll/Hyde from escaping shouldhe get past Utterson and Poole. Utterson and Poole consider thatthey face some danger in doing this. While they wait for the otherservants to get into position, they sit in the old surgerytheatre, where Poole describes how Jekyll/Hyde paces back andforth across the floor and sometimes cries out. After the servantsare ready, Utterson warns Jekyll that he is coming in, and thevoice begs him not to. They burst in and find Hyde twitching and dying on the floor. Theylook around and find various articles, but no sign of Jekyllsbody. They find chemicals, a book, a cheval-glass, and a strangedrug. They search the house, and still do not find the body. Utterson finds Jekylls latest will and learns that it leaves hisestate to Utterson, not Hyde. Utterson finds this strange becauseHyde was in the room and cold have destroyed this will in favor ofthe one that names him the recipient of the will. Utterson finds anote written in Jekylls handwriting, and is afraid to read it. In it Jekyll says that he has disappeared, that Utterson shouldread the letter Lanyon sent, and also Jekylls own confessionwhich is included with this note. Utterson returns to his officewhere he will read the two important documents. Chapter 9 Lanyons NarrativeOn January 9th, Lanyon receives a letter from Jekyll. It tellsLanyon that this is a matter of life and death. Lanyon is to go toJekylls house, and The door of my cabinet is then to be forced;and you are to go in alone; to open the glazed press (letter E) onthe left hand, breaking the lock if it be shut; and to draw out,with all its contents as the stand, the fourth drawer from the topor (which is the same thing) the third from the bottom. This isto get Jekylls drug. Then, Lanyon is to return to his own homesconsulting room, and wait for a visitor at midnight from Jekyll. Lanyon does this and finds the drug that Jekyll must have madebecause it is not as neatly done as a chemist would do. He returnsto his home and waits for the visitor, keeping a gun with him(revolver) should he need to defend himself. At midnight, Hyde shows up, and is very excited to get the drug,almost crazy, but he stays calm enough. Once Lanyon gives it tohim, a scary smile comes over Hydes face. He tells Lanyon thatLanyon was a fool, and that he would now see proof oftranscendental medicine. He drinks the drug and changes intoJekyll in a terrifying way that haunts Lanyon for the rest of hisfew days until he dies. Lanyon ends his letter by saying that hecannot tell what Jekyll told him because it is too terrible, otherthan that Jekyll and Hyde are the same person.

Applying Theory to Image Gramscis Theory of Hegemony

Introduction The theory of cultural hegemony is one of the most famous Marxist ideologies offered by Antonio Gramsci. In its general sense, this theory evaluates the domination of certain classes and nations over other representatives. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Applying Theory to Image: Gramsci’s Theory of Hegemony specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the beginning of the 1900s, the problem of social order was spreading with unbelievable speed and considerable outcomes, this is why the vast majority of political theorists were eager to offer their personal ideas to improve the situation or, at least, to find out the ways and help the society cope with the challenges. Antonio Gramsci was a unique theorist and philosopher; â€Å"his stress on the role of individual action and thought in history, his desire that workers create their own cultural institutions through devices like factory councils† (Lears 567) made him a really significant figure, and his ideas continue developing day by day. Nowadays, the concepts of hegemony may be perfectly observed in media as a powerful means to influence people’s minds and actions. The peculiar feature of hegemony in advertisements is the ability to be masked but still be influential for different spheres of life. In the chosen ad that depicts human dependence on technologies, hegemony is represented as thin but considerable strings, which control human actions and even thoughts; though there is no concrete person, who controls this situation, it still becomes evident that technological progress and people, who are involved into this progress, have a considerable impact on many things. Discussion Main concepts of cultural hegemony and identification of those, who rule. The current state of affairs shows that American culture has already spread over many other countries and got the necessary control over people. However, the va riety of ads and media prove that there is another powerful means that is considered to be more serious, more influential, and more dangerous because it is hard to define from the very beginning. To comprehend what plays a crucial role in our modern life, it is better to address the basics of the theory of cultural hegemony and define what promotes the division of classes and distribution of functions. Gramsci was not satisfied with the failure of the movements, which were raised by the Western European working classes; this is why he made an attempt to define what caused this failure and how the situation could be changed. Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More His works proved that class struggles would exist always and had to present clear ideologies and ideas, which would be able to make, develop, or prevent the revolution. He was not afraid to underline that bourgeoisie due to t heir economic domination and intellectual leadership were able to control the others and present own rules and conditions to follow. The reasons of why the image under consideration has been chosen. Among the variety of different ads, it becomes very difficult to define one concrete ad that will be able to depict the true nature of the cultural hegemony and apply this philosophy, taking into consideration all its issues. Nowadays, the problem of class inequality is not that burning as it was at the beginning of the 20th century. People have many chances to get education, find jobs, and earn money. Of course, there is a certain classification of people in accordance with their financial status, their race, and cultural interests. However, the ideas of the theory of hegemony and class struggles, which are so clearly defined by Antonio Gramsci, can be hardly observed at once. The chosen image of the person, whose hands are bound by white strings, may become a good example of how the c oncept of hegemony is still inherent to our everyday life. There are no emotions on this man’s face; it also seems that his eyes are closed. However, his hands move and his lips seem like moving. These movements may be connected to headphones in his ears. Against a background, there are the same images of this man, which may depict the rest of people, who have already made a decision to use those headphones. Another peculiar feature of this image is that all strings have no concrete beginning; all of them are up-directed. It is impossible to observe who guides these strings and why someone should guide these strings. â€Å"Have you become an IPuppet?† – this is the slogan of this image, the question to which is possible to get only after the mysterious leader is defined. Producers of the chosen ad and their intentions in respect to cultural hegemony. The producers of the chosen images are probably one of the companies, who try to compete with Apple. Inc. and p romote people to become free from constant formats and usual sources of music. It is not that important to define their name and functions, the main point of this image is that its producers offer people a new way of life, new opportunities, and new conditions. Modern technologies have already taken leading positions in human lives, and very often, people cannot work and think without these technologies, and those, who produce these technologies, understand how dependent people can be. This case may be regarded as the case of hegemony: one class (the producers of technologies) gets a chance to take leading positions and runs the lives and thoughts of another class (the users of technologies). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Applying Theory to Image: Gramsci’s Theory of Hegemony specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The intended meaning of the producers is to show the society how it may be controlled, being e ven unaware about this fact. It is high time to stop this dependence, it is high time to remember about personal freedoms, and it is time to become a meaningful part of this world and this life just like it is described in the theory of hegemony by Antonio Gramsci. The intended audience that can benefit from this advertisement. It is possible to assume that the intended audience is any person, who uses modern technologies and listens to the music through IPods. This kind of audience will be certainly interested into such ads because they get a good chance to evaluate their own positions and chose something better, something more convenient, and something more interesting, taking into consideration present demands and interests. People should have a choice in this life; they need to be open to different innovations; they should not be divided into classes and be ruled by someone else. This is the main purpose of the ad, and the audience behind all users of Apple and other common tec hnologies should comprehend that they become usual and similar to each other. But it is wrong; it is boring; and it is possible to change! Unbelievable ability of the ad to reflect the theory of hegemony by Antonio Gramsci. â€Å"The concept of hegemony encompasses all that exists in a society – ideological notions, works of popular art carried by the media, and so forth. And this makes the analysis of media difficult, because it is hard to put one’s finger on all the things one takes for granted and assumes are simply part of reality.† (Berger 63) This concept cannot be defined as pure monolithic or unified only. It is all about a complex that consists of several social structures. This very idea is described in the image chosen. There is a person in the middle of the picture, whose actions and conditions attract the attention from the very beginning. Against a background, the representatives of the same class are given. They are illustrated like the copies of the first man – the same movements, the same preferences, and the same technologies. However, there is one more class that can be hardly observed at once. This class is somewhere above; the class that control the movements of the man by means of the strings and the headphones, which serve as informative means. As Gramsci admitted such concepts like personal freedom, diversity, and variations should exist in order to fulfill this life; however, human predisposition to extremes makes all these concepts a bit strange and even dangerous.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The meaning of image in regards to the balance of power between different social classes. In order to have enough chances to continue living in this world, the society has to find out the necessary balance and be able to combine the demands of one class with the demands of another class. In this image, it is clearly observed that right now, ordinary people, the users of the technologies, cannot use their powers to struggle for their freedoms. These people are under some kind of euphoria, where those, who are above watch them and make decisions. Right now, the balance between the powers is not as powerful as it should be. Inequality of classes and the existed hegemony will be present until the vast majority of people re-evaluate their attitude to this world, their attitude to their lives, and their attitude to the technologies, which make people dependant. The phrase that takes place somewhere behind the person on the image iDont.com symbolizes one of the steps, which have been tak en by the society in order to achieve progress. However, there are still some questions to be posed. Why do the authors of this ad introduce the site, where â€Å"i† is not capitalized? Does it mean that a personality still does not deserve to be capitalized and become significant? This ad should be regarded as something more than just an image; it is a message, someone’s call to analyze the balance and define what classes should get more powers. Conclusion Gramsci’s theory of hegemony is considered to be one of the most complicated combinations of political, social, and cultural forces that has to be balanced and coordinated frequently. With the help of current advertisement and other types of mass media, people get a chance to observe how the theory that was developed more than a century ago remains to be appropriate and effective for the present time. The times, when certain social classes have power over other social classes seem to be gone, but still, some imprints may be recognized and show how short-sighted our society can be. The analysis of the image shows that in spite of the fact that people do not try to divide themselves into classes, they still become active participants of the divisions, created by themselves instinctively. Such advertisements help people discover how weak and dependant they can be and start evaluating everything from the very beginning in order to become free once again. Works Cited Berger, Arthur, A. Media Analysis Techniques. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2005. Lears, T.J. Jackson. â€Å"The Concept of Cultural Hegemony: Problems and Possibilities,† American Historical Review 90 (1985):567-93. This essay on Applying Theory to Image: Gramsci’s Theory of Hegemony was written and submitted by user Jaycee Andrews to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hofstede Essay Example

Hofstede Essay Example Hofstede Paper Hofstede Paper Hefted cultural dimensions analysis with multinational business management France, Britain, Germany , Italy Today, the world economic integration process , the companys multinational operations has become an unstoppable trend . But the Eastern and Western cultures have a huge difference . It is easy to generate conflict in business management. Cross-cultural management refers to: multinational companies operating in the presence of various cultural differences of people and things , management mechanisms, and properly handle the cultural conflict, maximize the potential of employees and to achieve corporate tragic goals. Hefted cultural dimensions contains five areas : power distance ( PDP ) * uncertainty avoidance (AJAX) individualism vs.. Collectivism ( DIVIDE). Masculinity vs.. Femininity ( MASS), long term vs.. Short term ( L TO ) . France China and France, as the East and the West has a long history and cultural traditions of the country, there are many differences between them on the Hefted cultural dimensions. Dimensions China France Hefted cultural From the table we can know that : France can accept a large power distance(PDP) . They urgently required to prevent operation of the uncertainty Therefore organizational structures tend pyramid . But the weakness of this pyramid structure is unwieldy information communication So the manager must know:French prefer to accept hierarchy . They focus on the relationship between family members backup , And hierarchical relationship between monarch. France on individualism vs.. Collectivism (DIVIDE) score far more than China . This means that in their society, individualism is the mainstream cultural values , and more respect for the value of the individual . So France is individualism . In sometimes French people do not like to be too intimate tit others , in order to avoid loss of independence. In the Masculinity vs.. Femininity (MASS) , China on MASS score higher than France . It shows that China tend to male values of society , but France tend to female social values. France focus on harmonious culture. France score high on uncertainty avoidance (AJAX) , so It has a strong uncertainty avoidance culture . It is the idealism, and it pursues absolute truth . The French dont like surprises . Before meetings and negotiations they like to receive all necessary information. From the number of the long term vs.. Horn term (I-TO) , we now Chinese culture are long-term oriented,however French culture is short- term oriented culture . French people like instant results . For most people they pay more attention to the current situation . Because in their view , the future is ambiguous , the most real physical presence in the here and now . People tend to make decisions and g et results quickly . They are accustomed to always adjust policy. In summary , Managers can not ignore to shape the value of the companies jointly . Common values can guide and encourage all employees to achieve business goals and work together . Learn from each other , and exert their own cultural superiority . At work , managers should arrange the main task , and every employee clear their jobs . The most important things is communication . France advantage is its advanced management concepts , management system is perfect standard operating procedures . Then the company should establish a strict hierarchy , respect the majority peoples view . France tend to female social value , so the company need to ensure the quality of life of employees . The wages make employee satisfaction , and respect for their human rights . Germany Germany is a rigorous and realistic national , It has a significant cultural differences between China . China France Hefted cultural dimensions Germany gets a low score on PDP , we can know it is a low power distance countries . A direct and participative communication and meeting style is common . Employees will not be too dependent on leadership , they like to solve the issue through discussion . Employees are free to close the boss , and they can make the difference ideas . But the final decision lies in the hands oaf big boss . The situation is similar to China . The score on DIVIDE is Geiger than China . Individualism is highly recognized in Germany . In Collectivist societies people belong to in groups that take care of them in exchange for loyalty . The German society is a truly individualistic one . Loyalty is based on personal preferences for people as well as a sense of duty and responsibility. This is defined by the contract between the employer and the employee. Communication is among the most direct in the world following the ideal to be honest, even if it hurts and by this giving the counterpart a fair chance to learn from mistakes. The similar score teens China and Germany in MASS . The high score represent the society will be driven by competition. People rather live in order to work and draw a lot of self-esteem from their tasks. Managers are expected to be decisive and assertive. Status is often shown, especially by cars, watches and technical devices. On AAU Germany is high than China . Germany has a high uncertainty avoidance . In combination with their low Power Distance, where the certainty for own decisions is not covered by the larger responsibility of the boss . In the target management process , Germans prefer to compensate or their higher uncertainty by strongly relying on expertise . In the corporate decision-making process, managers must allow employees to participate in the discussion and implementation of independent decisions, individual responsibility . The companys rules and regulations must be strictly and fine German employees compare advocating self- realization, and therefore in their daily work managers should encourage employees and listen to their suggestions . Germany has a strong heart to prevent uncertainty, but the extent of the right to the gap in the middle of the Tate, and therefore in their daily work to be considered. The PDP score is 35 , it is low . We know British power distance is small, so the business management in the UK, on the lower level are equal. Meanwhile, in order to work more convenient, you can always change between the posts. Britain stressed that equal rights, not the concentration of power . During the meeting employees can express their suggestions . A sense Of fair play drives a belief that people should be treated in some way as equals . There is a high score on DIVIDE(89) . Britain is a county that emphasizes individualism, they ore emphasis on the value of their own recognition. Usually after receiving a task, they are more willing to achieve through their own efforts, rather than seeking help for their own purposes. On weekends or holidays, the British prefer to produce their own furniture, trim gardens, making crafts, its not just the development of personal skills, and a way of leisure, but also reflects the Englishman for the individual pursuit. The score on MASS is 66 , Britain is a country masculine bias, not a pure enjoyment of national life . The dominant values in society are caring for others and quality of life . In ordinary life, and still can not cover the feisty British heart, for the details of life, they always want to be perfect. And they have been known as a gentleman, very eager to succeed . In comparison to feminine cultures such as the Scandinavian countries, people in the I-J live in order to work and have a clear performance ambition. Luaus score is 35 , In this regard, the British have a weak uncertainty avoidance. Britons prefer huge change, do not like risk averse. Because Britain grace like innovation, leading them ahead of other countries in the first industrial revolution. And they are also strong emerging technology than any other country. But relatively conservative British in some ways, like life under the old regime . But the detail of how we get there will be light and the actual process fluid and flexible to emerging and changing environment. Planning horizons will also be shorter. Most importantly the combination of a highly individualistic and curious nation is a high level of creativity and strong need for innovation . Englishman always reflect the people-oriented philosophy, emphasizing that everyone is equal, so leaders must pay attention to the daily management and more. They do not want too much innovation, more to realize their value . Managers should respect each employee, and certainly their value , do well in rewarding good work . For the creation of the post of the company should not be too rigid, so that employees have greater opportunities for promotion, so better to stimulate the British feisty character . Italy The score of the PDP is 50 , it is the middle number . This dimension shows that Italians expect power distance . Northern Italy tends to prefer equality and a decentralization of power and decision-making . They like to make fun f authorities and breaking rules seems to be an Italian hobby . Before being invited to do so, you should say Signore or Signora followed by their last name and maybe even adding personal titles . The highest score is DIVIDE (76) . Let means Italy is an Individualistic culture . It has a slightly different meaning: someone that you know and can be useful for introducing the important or powerful people. They could see only themselves and their immediate family as relevant and important when being individualistic. Most Italians prefer doing business with people they know and trust. Decisions are then made within the in-group and meetings are used most of all to inform the other people about the outcome . The score on MASS is higher than China that the society will be driven by competition , achievement and success . Children are taught from an early age that competition is good and to be a winner is important in ones life. Italians show their success by acquiring status symbols such as a beautiful car, a big house, a yacht and travels to exotic countries. As the working environment is the place where every Italian can reach his/her success, competition among colleagues for making a career can be very strong. The second highest score is 75 on AAU . Italy, the people tend to be more risk-averse . Formality in Italian society is important and the Italian penal and civil code are complicated with clauses , codicils etc . In Italy the combination of high masculinity and high uncertainty avoidance makes life very difficult and stressful . To release some of the tension that is built up during the day Italians need to have good and relaxing moments in their everyday life , enjoying a long meal or frequent coffee breaks . So Italian people are eve warm, mood, and full of strength . In business, this dimension leads to rather formal behavior,where subordinates should not call their superiors by their first name , so some people should be polite . Managers must be careful scheduling, but do not let employees do too much risk or unpredictable thing . General manager must be very warm, full of strength, drive employee motivation Young people do not like to be controlled and the attack in the form they prefer the teamwork and open management style .

The big idea...read the requirement i send you carefully Essay

The big idea...read the requirement i send you carefully - Essay Example Housing in city is an important issue that affects millions of people in the modern times. The rentals are skyrocketing mainly due to imbalances in demand and supply for housing. Ideas relating to the best utilization of resources and efficiency in human resources management for improved organizational performance call for innovative mindset in organizing, controlling and directing the workforce. Aghazadeh, S. (2003, p. 201) stated â€Å"Human resource management must change as the business environment in which it operates changes.†Ã‚  Competitive edge in business operations leads to sustainable growth and development. A strategy that takes care of transportation and housing problems of the employees can be considered as the best idea from the view point of corporate social responsibility also. This paper seeks to highlight the benefits that could be attributed to this idea from the perspective of human resources management, profitability and sustainability of the organization and corporate social responsibility. ... Technological developments in the field of information and communication technology could be properly leveraged in this idea to mitigate the hardships arising out of transportation and housing in cities to the people as well as society at large due to pollution. Digital convergence of technologies created synergy in business operations resulting in an array of opportunities. Even Alvin Toffler in his ‘Future Shock’ could neither predict the use of mobile phones by a common man nor its impact on the business and society. Digital convergence has provided an excellent platform for the big idea in relation to human resources management in business organizations. According to the Society for Human Resources Management (2008, p. 17) â€Å"Organizations that formally offer telecommuting from a satellite location or telecommuting from other locations deem this flexible work arrangement to be very successful.† Human resources management Matiza, L. (2013, P.2) stated  "Human Resources Management is basically a way of managing humans at their workplace in search of performance and rating it well in order to also remunerate them well.† Managing humans at their workplace signifies that the people work for the company assembles in a firm’s place of work at a particular time for performance of their duties. Human Resources Management involves rating of their performance as well. The firm should remunerate the employees based on their performance. Kayode, O. (2012, p. 1) stated â€Å"Now, more than ever, organizations need to place greater emphasis on attracting human capital rather than financial capital... effective human resource management is the best

Strategic HRM(Human Resource management) can be utilised as a Assignment

Strategic HRM(Human Resource management) can be utilised as a competitive advantage today - Assignment Example They must show how the role of HR can be maximized to make an organization successful. Strategic HRM is defined by its role in addressing two crucial needs in an organization- delivering strategic forecasts on the business by making it possible for the organization to source, evaluate and motivate employees in an increasingly dynamic business environment, and providing administrative services that are consistent, cost-effective and responsive to every department within the organization (Regis 2008, p.5). This depicts the evolution of the HR function where an employee has to go beyond the traditional job description. HRM should hence be involved in creation of business strategies because the function of employees is paramount within an organization; for this reason, HR professionals are referred to as strategic business partners. Strategic HRM is important since it facilitates reinforcement of an organizational culture, encourages commitment among employees and promotes a willingness among employees to act flexibly so as to bring about achievement of an organization’s goals that will in turn help it realize excellence. Alternatively, strategic HRM can be defined as all the activities that affect behavior of individuals within an organization, in their efforts to put together and implement its strategic needs. This entails creating a pattern within an organization, thus it is said to facilitate reinforcement of an organizational culture, where employees are informed and part of long-term strategic planning of attaining the organization’s goals and vision. The fundamental aim of strategic HRM is to create strategic capability in employees by ensuring they are skilled, committed and strongly motivated (Armstrong & Bacon 2003, pp.41-42). Strategic HRM is seen as being different across various organizations although certain themes stand out and these are summarized by the fact it imposes a cultural change defined by changes in attitudes, behaviours and values (Wright& McMahan 2011, p.94). Analysis of advantages realized by corporations that practice Strategic HRM for competitive advantage Gaining competitive advantage may either be by being a differentiator or a low-cost leader. It includes decisions, relationships, resources and capabilities that allow an organization to take advantage of opportunities in the market while avoiding threats to its desired position. A corporation that practices strategic HRM whether it is a low-cost leader or differentiator, is able to have continuous innovation, highly skilled and competent workforce making it possible to quickly and efficiently meet customer’s needs and preempt its customer’s moves. Breaking it down, two advantages that a corporation can attain as a result of instituting strategic HRM for competitive advantage include consolidating extensive technologies

Strategic Business Plan for Coca Cola Case Study

Strategic Business Plan for Coca Cola - Case Study Example It manufactures and markets almost 400 brands of beverages in over 200 countries across the world, while over 70% of its revenue comes from within United States alone. It describes itself as a 'local company' as it makes use of local and regional people for its employee base. (Nelson et al, 2006) This paper will study the ways in which the HRM can be conducted so as to up the performance of the company. This will be done through a SWOT analysis as well as an analysis of the industry and competitor base. Finally, the improvement, implementation and management reviews will be put forward. The soft drink industry is one of the largest in the world. In countries like the US and India alone, this industry boasts of a turnover between 6 Billion dollars and 60 Million dollars. This is an industry that caters to the creation of non alcoholic and soda based beverages. The US figures alone for this industry have been depicted below. (Nelson et al, 2006) Michael E Porter has paved the way for revolutionary strategising trends and a whole new perspective on competition through his competitive advantage theory. In the corporate world, Porter's first book Competitive Strategy (1980), which he wrote in his thirties, became an international best seller, and is considered to be an authoritative piece of work on corporate strategy. The book, which has been published in nineteen languages and re-printed approaching sixty times, changed the way business leaders' minds worked. Further, it remains a guide of choice for strategic managers on a global scale. Apart from being rich in lessons about why and how industries, regions, and nations succeed or fail, this book is of great value as the first serious attempt to develop a really original grand theory of national economic development processes since the early years of Postwar development economics, and one of the most original ways of thinking about development policy in years. Source: M E Porter, 1998 This brings us to a discussion on the technicalities of the model proposed by Porter. Porter's Five Forces model provides suggested points under each main heading. When taken into consideration individually, each of these gives rise to the development of a broad and sophisticated

Regional Security Complex Theory

Regional Security Complex Theory This chapter will provide an in-depth look at a range of theoretical approaches to the concept of energy security. It is expected by examining several theoretical approaches we will be able to determine a comprehensive understanding of what constitutes energy security. A range of academic approaches exist which can be utilised in order to understand the origins, prerequisites, and consequences of any given type of security. Throughout this chapter we will be taking the concept of energy security and firstly examining approaches to understanding it as part the existing theoretical framework. Secondly, efforts will be made to comprehend the securitization of energy as a part of broader and more contemporary political architecture. The scope of this literature review will extend to the work of founding theorists, as well as contemporary literature, journals, and reviews. 2.1 Understanding Security Since the eventful oil disruptions of the 1970s, energy security has slowly but surely assimilated itself into the key debates of IR theory (Bohi and Toman, 1996: 32). Energy security discourses are varied and volatile at the best of times. If we are to comprehend energy security, we must first have a clear understanding of how security can be approached and conceptualized. Is it a response to threat or a strategy to evade threat? Or perhaps neither? Security is a both a highly contended and heavily debated concept. Owing to its inherently multifaceted premise, it is rare now for a political article not to refer to security in some form or another (Neocleous, 2000: 11). Irony lies in the fact that our present inability to define security has, as a result, caused the international society and our interpretation of it to be less secure as a whole (Booth Wheeler: 2007: 94). What is exceedingly clear, however, is that our understanding of security and what it entails has moved well beyo nd the claim that security studies should focus only on the threat, use and control of military force (Nye and Lynn-Jones in Walt, 1991: 212). It is interesting that our understanding of security has only relatively recently been contested. We can classify security either as defensive (a response to a threat) or offensive (interaction with other actors for state gain) (Grafstein, 2002: 139-165). Traditional thinkers have conventionally classified security primarily as a defensive mechanism (i.e. power measured by war and military strength). Kenneth Waltz built further on this assumption in his book, Theory of International Politics. By suggesting that, in an anarchic international system, the incentive of every state is to put itself in a position to be able to take care of itself since no one else can be counted onto do so, he suggests security will remain an inherently defensive mechanism. Barry Buzan, on the other hand, took this further and attempted to dissect this highly complex term by questioning the very legitimacy of security itself (1997: 5-21). Buzan, Ole Wà ¦ver, and Jaap de Wilde form the foundations of the C openhagen School of security studies, which focuses on the process of securitization, regional security complexes, and sectoral security. This has conversely been criticized by those of the Critical Security Studies school of thought, which itself is set in contrast to the assumptions of neo-realism and realism. As such, we can see how security has undergone and will continue to undergo analytical re-evaluation thanks to recurrent contestation of this concept within the field of IR. As a result of this unremitting confrontation, the scope for what constitutes security has broadened significantly and developed into a dynamic yet still unbalanced concept. Thus, how might we define begin to security, and at what point does a states action, agenda or thinking become a security concern? It is useful here to refer to Buzan et al.s definition of security: It is when an issue is presented as posing an existential threat to a designated referent object (traditionally, but not necessarily the state, incorporating government, territory, and society). The special nature of security threats justifies the use of extraordinary measures to handle them (1998: 21). Conceptualizing security as such posits that if a concern is deemed to be a security issue, it must be presented to and subsequently accepted by an audience: indeed, Buzan, Wà ¦ver and de Wilde further clarify that securitization is not decided by the securitizer but by the audience (1998: 31). In adopting their understanding of securitization as a speech act, we can see how this process creates rights, obligations and responsibilities which are decided not by the securitizer but by an audience (Buzan  et al. 1998: 25-31). Taking this approach, we can apply this framework in understanding why the need to find, secure and diversify energy supplies has been construed as a leading security concern for many states. As Luft and Korin note, energy security is very much in the eyes of the beholder (2009: 1). By having a succinct critical framework for analysis, we are better able to understand the actions, reactions, and needs of states who consider their energy security to be threatened. What follows is a range of theoretical and analytical approaches for conceptualizing energy security. 2.2 A Realist Scope No IR theory accentuates the position of security more than realism, yet there is rarely a critical analysis by realists to explain what security actually means (Baldwin, 1997: 21). The presence of realism simply cannot be ignored when trying to frame the concept of energy security, and although it fails to address some of the key reasons as to why energy is a contemporary security concern, it is nonetheless a theoretical standpoint which has been synonymous with mid-twentieth century security studies (Baldwin, 1997: 9). Sustained by centuries of progressive and traditional thought, the realist stance is backed by great intellectual contributions from Rousseau, Thucydides, Hobbes and Machiavelli to name but a few (Deudney, 2011: 18). Realism is not a single theory, but a cluster of progressive theories with shared core values: Realism focuses on power struggle, national interests, competition between states, and conflict over resources. To realists, international politics is characterised by a zero-sum game: one sides gain is the other sides loss. Therefore, relations between states can only produce competition and conflicts (Bathily, 2009: 185). Realism is a state-centric theory, the classical premise of which declares that the international system is anarchic and within this system states strive for survival and cannot rely upon other states, since every state has the potential to harm through use of military force (Mearsheimer: 1994/95: 9-10). Hans Morgenthaus contributions to the realist paradigm discuss the inherently flawed nature of humans, suggesting that our innate selfishness and desire for power leaves no room for moral principles when understanding the behaviour of states (Morgenthau in Donnelly, 2000: 15-16). Donnelly further emphasises that, realism emphasizes the constraints on politics imposed by human nature (2000: 9), demonstrating that if energy security is accepted as a realist security concern, states will strive for survival by resolving this issue without concern for moral or human principles. Kenneth Waltzs development of structural realism (also referred to as neo-realism) explains the international system by identifying a central and anarchic state, then subsequently relating this object to the interaction between constituent elements of the system (e.g. states in search of survival). These components are further characterised by the balance and distribution of power; in this context, their capability and proficiency in terms of seeking survival and energy security (Waltz in Booth, 2001: 5). The fundamental approaches to energy security under Waltzs structural realism are summarised by Luft and Korin as follows: 1) States are inherently predisposed to egotism, and will therefore pursue hegemony through use of whatever powers they may possess. 2) Structural realists stress that energy commodities have historically held value beyond simply that of commercial pricing they emphasise how resources have repeatedly been used strategically as means of directing foreign policy and asserting dominance. 3) Although realists will take into account the influence of mutual cooperation and independent institutions, they also maintain that culture, history, and economic tendencies and trends do play a crucial role and cannot be ignored when understanding energy security needs and concerns (2009: 340). Approaching energy security in such a manner allows us to see why states might prioritise energy security over other concerns; however the realist paradigm has always prioritised military security in their understanding of security as a whole. Engaging with strands of realist though explains why self-interest of states and the struggle for dominance is an occurring theme in the international system, but the critical flaws of Waltzs structural realism lie in the fact that he largely discounts the importance of geography and geographical regions, while also paying little attention to technology as an influential shaping force (Deudney, 2011: 29-30). When endeavouring to find a position for energy security in a theoretical framework, it is evident that realism does not offer a fully logical and explanatory approach to the concept. As mentioned earlier, Buzan (of the Copenhagen School of security studies) deems anarchy to be the key feature within the international system, and splits security concerns into 5 categories (political, military, societal, economic, environmental); energy security, however, is not explicitly identified within these categories (Buzan, 1991: 19). Although this categorization is evidently broadening the approach to security, a prominent weakness of the theory is its inability to account for the impact of other actors and structures on securitization, while giving too much attention to how international anarchy is constructed politically. The main critic of Buzans work is Bill McSweeney, who claims that the key flaw within Buzans work is his inability to break away from the neo-realist assertion that the state is always the main object for analysis (2004: 123). 2.3 A Liberal Understanding Liberalism and security are concepts which have in recent times both clashed and contradicted each other. Hyde-Price understands this to be a result of liberalism misunderstanding the nature of power (2007: 16). The core value of classical liberalism are neatly summed up into four components up by Kelly: All individuals are of equal and ultimate moral value. This individualism is ethical and not sociological or psychological. Equality of concern and respect is cashed out in terms of a set of basic rights, civil liberties and economic entitlements. These rights entail accompanying responsibilities and duties. Ethical individualism and equality of concern and respect does not entail moral scepticism about objective values. It is instead concerned with the moral limitation of coercion or political power (2004: 13). What can liberalism offer in terms of conceptualizing energy security? Bathily forms a coherent and persuasive argument for approaching it from a liberal perspective. They assert that liberalism in fact challenges the very notion of security in any form and suggest that the realist egocentrism, struggle for survival and innate fear of external threat could be substituted by a so-called liberal logic, wherein states maximise absolute gains and generally prioritise economic development over that of political. In doing this, they predict that traditional elements of security will become sidelined and therefore the security agendas will eventually become redundant. Liberals view naturally occurring resources such as oil to be strategically unimportant, given the frequent rate of discovery around the world. This consequently turns oil from an economic fortune to an ordinary commodity. They further believe that resource management is not the responsibility or the right of the governing bod y, and that management should be decentralized and democratised to multiple, non-governmental actors (2009: 183-184). In some ways, the liberal take on energy security is a valid and applicable one. It explains why actors controlling the resource industry have freedom and independence from government decree which is true in many states and explains why the need for peaceful cooperation and mutual reliance is present in the international system today. What is fails to address, however, is the rising concern for resources in resource poor nations, which in turn has caused political instability, egocentric policy making, and the rise of resource nationalism (this will be examined further on). When trying to understand energy security, liberalism places too much emphasis on the importance of moral human nature in relation to political and resource-based relations, and does not provide enough focus on the importance of geographic, economic, regional and political involvement. 2.4 Energy Security and the Regional Security Complex Theory Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) offers a somewhat more contemporary and relevant approach to conceptualizing energy security. The founding academic linked to this particular theory is Buzan, with further contributions from Wà ¦ver. A regional security complex has been defined as a group of states whose primary security concerns link together sufficiently closely that their national securities cannot realistically be considered apart from one another (Buzan, 1991: 190). It is argued by Buzan and Wà ¦ver that the security complexes of states depend primarily on the pressures deriving from geographic proximity, and the interplay between the anarchic structure and how balances of power play out in the system. They view the world as regional clusters, whereby security complexes are magnified within these clusters (2003: 45-46). Buzan and Wà ¦ver further clarify the central ideas of RSCT as follows: The central idea in RSCT is that, since most threats travel more easily over short distances than long ones, security interdependence is normally into regionally based clusters: security complexes. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] Process of securitization and thus the degree of security interdependence are more intense between actors inside such complexes than they are between actors inside the complex and outside of it (2003: 4) Here, it is supposed that both mutual and rival interests can contribute towards the formation of such a region, and in this case, ensuring energy security would be one of those interests. A major benefit of RSCT is that it allows analysts to confront common conceptions and thus discuss security concerns between members of a given security complex this dispels the overly generic assumptions of liberalism and realism, and suggests that the concept of energy security can be analysed and approached by varying methods, but all within the scope of RSCT. Furthermore, applying Buzans theory gives an explanation as to why security concerns vocalized by one state are frequently echoed around neighbouring states with a relatively short time frame (Sheehan, 2005: 49-50). The strengths of RSCT also lie in its ability to be adaptable and logical RSCT, unlike the traditional theoretical approaches, does not rely on sweeping generalization of defining concept such as human nature. RSCT confidentl y explains the occurrence of energy complexes and relations between two or more states within a region, and further demonstrates how energy has become securitized within a given geographical area (Buzan, Wà ¦ver and de Wilde, 1998: 31). To classify an energy security complex, however, it is necessary to understand the nature and level of energy dependencies through studying the energy profile of a given state: e.g. the extent of external dependence, diversification possibilities, trade levels, domestic supplies etc. This in itself highlights the problematic nature of RSCT if a state is said to have 100% dependency for, say, oil, this contributes to the securitization of energy. On the other hand, if oil only constitutes 10% of the states energy profile, this brings about an entirely different view. Therefore, in order to analyse energy security from this standpoint we must choose whether it is more beneficial to group together major energy sources, or to base our understanding upon aggregate energy reliance of a given state. Further to this, it is crucial to acknowledge that energy security also entails a need for supply security and demand security. In addition, dependence can be both positive and negative between two or more states. While RSCT presents a plausible and applicable framework in terms of understanding energy security, it is limited in that it does not address the interaction of states at a global level. With the possibility and indeed reality of constructing long energy export pipelines and transport energy by land and sea, we can see that energy (inter)dependence between states from different regions is both real and developing. Furthermore, it is undeniable that with the rise of globalization, the integration and transfer of knowledge, and the power of technology, energy security is not confined solely within regional complexes. 2.5 Critical Security Studies (CSS) Increasingly, IR theorists have been left searching for a concept to shed light on why structures and responses within the international society are increasingly determined by shared ideas rather than material forces, and that the identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given in nature (Wendt, 1991: 1). In contract to the realist and neo-realist assumption that security is primarily defensive, traditional and in pursuit of hegemony, CSS significantly broadens the concept of security. It brings in the notion of instability-of-the-object within the international system, and conceptualizes security not as an absolute feature but as a constructed quality which is dependent on shared ideas rather than state-centric gain (McSweeney, 1991:1). CSS has already been subject to diversification since its appearance in the 1990s, but several key aspects characterize this school of thought. They are summarised by Vaughan-Williams below as foll ows: The focus of analysis within CSS is called the referent object this can be an actor, sector, or concept which requires securitization The broadening of security. This refers to the move away from narrow and traditional views of security defined in terms of military strength, and posits concerns within other sectors as security issue The normative approach suggests what must or ought to be secured and analysed. The derivative nature of security. This idea speculates that our methods of understanding the world have a profound effect on the way we approach and conceptualize security (2010: 4).